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To what extent do cigarettes and alcohol have a direct effect on lupus?

Cigarettes and alcohol can have a direct impact on lupus. Smoking can negatively affect the body's ability to heal and may also reduce the effectiveness of certain medications. Quitting smoking is highly recommended to improve overall health. As for alcohol, the effects are not as clear and may vary depending on the individual. It is important to consult a healthcare professional for guidance on managing hormonal imbalances and other health concerns related to lupus.